Publications

Submitted or in Revision

Rea, D., D. Elsbury, A.H. Butler, L. Sun, Y. Peings, and G. Magnusdottir, Interannual influence of Antarctic sea ice on Southern Hemisphere stratosphere-troposphere coupling, submitted to GRL, 2023
Elsbury, D., A.H. Butler, Y. Peings, and G. Magnusdottir, Sensitivity of easterly QBO’s boreal winter teleconnections and surface impacts to SSWs, submitted to J. Climate, 2023.
Karpechko, A. Yu., Z. Wu, I.R. Simpson, M. Kretschmer, H. Afargan-Gerstman, A.H. Butler, D.I.V. Domeisen, H. Garny, Z. Lawrence, E. Manzini, M. Sigmond, Northern Hemisphere stratosphere-troposphere circulation change in CMIP6 models. Part 2: mechanisms and sources of the spread, submitted to JGR Atmospheres, 2024.
Garfinkel, C.I., J. Knight, M. Taguchi, C. Schwartz, J. Cohen, W. Chen, A.H. Butler, and D.I.V. Domeisen, Development of the signal-to-noise paradox in subseasonal forecasting models: Where? When? Why?, submitted to QJRMS, 2024.

Published in 2023

Bednarz, E.M., D. Visioni, A.H. Butler, B. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, and S. Tilmes, Potential non-linearities in the high latitude circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol injection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL104726, 2023.
Bednarz, E.M., A.H. Butler, D. Visioni, Y. Zhang, D.G. MacMartin, B. Kravitz, Injection strategy- a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13665–13684, 2023.
Butler, A.H., A. Yu. Karpechko, and C.I. Garfinkel, Amplified decadal variability of extratropical surface temperatures by stratosphere-troposphere coupling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL104607, 2023.
Lawrence, Z.D., D. Elsbury, A.H. Butler, J. Perlwitz, J. Albers, L. Ciasto, and E. Ray, Evaluation of processes related to stratosphere-troposphere coupling in GEFSv12 subseasonal hindcasts, Mon. Wea. Rev., 151, 1735-1755, 2023.
Elsbury, D., A.H. Butler, J. Albers, M. Breeden, and A.O. Langford, The response of the North Pacific jet and stratosphere-to-troposphere transport of ozone over western North America to RCP8.5 climate forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5101–5117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5101-2023, 2023.

Published in 2022

Kolstad, E., S.H. Lee, A.H. Butler, D.I.V. Domeisen, C. Ole Wulff, Diverse surface signatures of stratospheric polar vortex anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 127, e2022JD037422, 2022.
Albers, J.R., A.H. Butler, A.O. Langford, D. Elsbury, M.L. Breeden, Dynamics of ENSO-driven stratosphere-to-troposphere transport of ozone over North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13035-13048, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13035-2022, 2022.
Bednarz, E.M., D. Visioni, J.H. Richter, A.H. Butler, and D.G. MacMartin, Impact of the latitude of stratospheric aerosol injection on the Southern Annular Mode, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL100353, 2022.
Manney, G.L., A.H. Butler, K. Wargan, J.-U. Groos, Introduction to Special Collection “The Exceptional Arctic Stratospheric Polar Vortex in 2019/2020: Causes and Consequences”, J. Geophys. Res., 127(18), doi:10.1029/2022JD037381, 2022.
Karpechko, A.-Yu., H. Afargan-Gertsman, A. H. Butler, D.I.V. Domeisen, M. Kretschmer, Z. Lawrence, E. Manzini, M. Sigmond, I.R. Simpson, and Z. Wu, Northern Hemisphere stratosphere-troposphere circulation change in CMIP6 models. Part 1: inter-model spread and scenario sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res., 127(18), doi:10.1029/2022JD036992, 2022. Associated EOS highlight: https://eos.org/editor-highlights/modeling-stratosphere-troposphere-coupling-in-a-changing-climate
Lawrence, Z.D., M. Abalos, B. Ayarzaguena, D. Barriopedro, A.H. Butler, et al., Quantifying stratospheric biases and identifying their potential sources in subseasonal forecast systems, Weath. Clim. Dyn., 3(3), 977-1001, doi:10.5194/wcd-3-977-2022, 2022.
Breeden, M.L., J.R. Albers, A.H. Butler, and M. Newman, The spring minimum in subseasonal 2-meter temperature forecast skill over North America, Monthly Weather Review, 150, 2617-2628, 2022.
Butler, A.H. and Lee, S., The 2021 Arctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming [in “State of the Climate in 2021”], Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 103(8), S296, 2022.
Hitchcock, P., A.H. Butler, A. Charlton-Perez, C.I. Garfinkel, et al., Stratospheric Nudging and Predictable Surface Impacts (SNAPSI): A protocol for investigating the role of the stratospheric polar vortex in subseasonal to seasonal forecasts, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5073-5092, 2022.
Manney, G.L., A.H. Butler, Z.D. Lawrence, K. Wargan, M.L. Santee, What’s in a name? On the use and significance of the term “polar vortex”, Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2021GL09761, 2022.
S. Bahramvash Shams, V.P. Walden, J.W. Hannigan, W.J. Randel, I.V. Petropavlovskikh, A.H. Butler, and A. de la Camara, Analyzing ozone variations and uncertainties at high latitudes during sudden stratospheric warming events using MERRA-2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5435–5458, 2022.

Published in 2021

Scaife, A.A., M. Baldwin, A.H. Butler, A. Charlton-Perez, D. Domeisen, C. Garfinkel, S. Hardiman, P. Haynes, H. Hendon, A. Karpechko, E.P. Lim, S. Noguchi, J. Perlwitz, L. Polvani, J. Richter, J. Scinocca, M. Sigmond, T. Shepherd, S.W. Son, and D. Thompson, Long Range Prediction and the Stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2601-2623, 2021.
Martin, Z., S.-W. Son, A.H. Butler, H. Hendon, H. Kim, A. Sobel, S. Yoden, and C. Zhang, The influence of the quasi-biennial oscillation on the Madden-Julian Oscillation”, Nature Review Earth and Environment, 2, 477-489, 2021.
Butler, A.H. and D.I.V. Domeisen, The wave geometry of final stratospheric warming events, Weather and Climate Dynamics, 2, 453-474, 2021.
Albers, J.R., A.H. Butler, M. Breeden, A.O. Langford, and G.N. Kiladis, Subseasonal prediction of springtime Pacific-North American transport using upper-level wind forecasts, Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 433-452, 2021.
Banerjee, A., A.H. Butler, L.M. Polvani, A. Robock, I.R. Simpson, L. Sun, Robust winter warming over Eurasia under stratospheric sulfate geoengineering- the role of stratospheric dynamics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6985-6997, 2021.
Lim, E.-P., H. H. Hendon, A.H. Butler, D.W.J. Thompson, Z. Lawrence, A.A. Scaife, T.G. Shepherd, I. Polichtchouk, H. Nakamura, C. Kobayashi, R. Comer, L. Coy, A. Dowdy, R.D. Garreaud, P.A. Newman, and G. Wang, The 2019 Southern Hemisphere polar stratospheric warming and its impacts, BAMS, 102(6), E1150-E1171, 2021.
Breeden, M., A.H. Butler, J.R. Albers, M. Sprenger, and A.O. Langford, The spring transition of the North Pacific jet and its relation to deep stratosphere-to-troposphere mass transport over western North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2781-2794, 2021.
Martin, Z., A. Sobel, A.H. Butler, S. Wang, Variability in QBO temperature anomalies on annual and decadal timescales, Journal of Climate, 34(2), 2021.
Domeisen, D.I.V. and A.H. Butler, Stratospheric drivers of extreme events, Nature Communications Earth and Environment, 1 (59), 2021.
Baldwin, M.P., B. Ayarzaguena, T. Birner, N. Butchart, A.H. Butler, A.J. Charlton-Perez, D.I.V. Domeisen, C.I. Garfinkel, H. Garny, E.P. Gerber, M.I. Hegglin, U. Langematz, and N.M. Pedatella, Sudden stratospheric warmings, Reviews of Geophysics, 59, e2020RG000708, 2021.

Published in 2020

Lawrence, Z.D., J. Perlwitz, A.H. Butler, G.L. Manney, P.A. Newman, S.H. Lee, and E.R. Nash, The remarkably strong Arctic stratospheric polar vortex of winter 2020: Links to record-breaking Arctic Oscillation and ozone loss, Jour. Geophys. Res., e2020JD033271, 2020. Related EOS summary.
Lee, S.H., Z.D. Lawrence, A.H. Butler, and A. Karpechko, Seasonal forecasts of the exceptional Northern Hemisphere winter of 2020, Geophys. Res. Lett., e2020GL090328, 2020.
Butler, A.H., Z.D. Lawrence, S.H. Lee, S.P. Lillo, and C.S. Long, Differences between the 2018 and 2019 stratospheric polar vortex split events, Quar. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc., 1–19, 2020.
Sprintall, J., V.J. Coles, K.A. Reed, A.H. Butler, G.R. Foltz, S.G. Penny, and H. Seo, Best practice strategies for process studies designed to improve climate modeling, BAMS, 101, E1842–E1850, 2020.
Merryfield, W.J., J. Baehr, L. Batte, E.J. Becker, A.H. Butler, et al., Current and emerging developments in subseasonal to decadal prediction, BAMS, 101, E869–E896, 2020.
Mariotti, A., C. Baggett, E.A. Barnes, E. Becker, A.H. Butler, D.C. Collins, P.A. Dirmeyer, L. Ferranti, N.C. Johnson, J. Jones, B.P. Kirtman, A.L. Lang, A. Molod, M. Newman, A.W. Robertson, S. Schubert, D.E. Waliser, and J. Albers, Windows of opportunity for skillful S2S forecasts, BAMS, 101, E608-E625, 2020.
B. Ayarzagüena, A. J. Charlton-Perez, A. H. Butler, P. Hitchcock, I. R. Simpson, L. M. Polvani, N. Butchart, E. P. Gerber, L. Gray, B. Hassler, P. Lin, F. Lott, E. Manzini, R. Mizuta, C. Orbe, S. Osprey, D. Saint-Martin, M. Sigmond, M. Taguchi, E. M. Volodin, and S. Watanabe, Uncertainty in the response of sudden stratospheric warmings and stratosphere-troposphere coupling to quadrupled CO2 concentrations in CMIP6 models, Jour. Geophys. Res., 125,e2019JD032345, 2020.

Published in 2019

King, A.D., A.H. Butler, M. Jucker, N.O. Earl, and I. Rudeva, Observed relationships between sudden stratospheric warmings and European climate extremes, Jour. Geophys. Res., 124, 2019.
Domeisen, D.I.V., A.H. Butler, A.J. Charlton-Perez, B. Ayarzaguena, M.P. Baldwin, E. Dunn-Sigouin, J.C. Furtado, C.I. Garfinkel, P. Hitchcock, A. Yu. Karpechko, H. Kim, J. Knight, A.L. Lang, E.-P. Lim, A. Marshall, G. Roff, C. Schwartz, I.R. Simpson, S.-W. Son, M. Taguchi, The role of stratosphere-troposphere coupling in sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction. Part I: Predictability in the Stratosphere, Jour. Geophys. Res., 124, 2019.
Domeisen, D.I.V., A.H. Butler, A.J. Charlton-Perez, B. Ayarzaguena, M.P. Baldwin, E. Dunn-Sigouin, J.C. Furtado, C.I. Garfinkel, P. Hitchcock, A. Yu. Karpechko, H. Kim, J. Knight, A.L. Lang, E.-P. Lim, A. Marshall, G. Roff, C. Schwartz, I.R. Simpson, S.-W. Son, M. Taguchi, The role of stratosphere-troposphere coupling in sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction. Part II: Predictability arising from stratosphere-troposphere coupling, Jour. Geophys. Res., 124, 2019.
H.H. Hendon, D.W.J. Thompson, E.-P. Lim, A.H. Butler, P.A. Newman, L. Coy, A. Scaife, I. Polichtchouk, R.S. Garreaud, T.G. Shepherd, and H. Nakamura, Rare forecasted climate event underway in the Southern Hemisphere, Nature Correspondence, 573, 495, 2019.
Lee, S.H. and A.H. Butler, The 2018-19 Arctic stratospheric polar vortex, Weather, doi:10.1002/wea.3643, 2019.
Butler, A.H., A. Charlton-Perez, D.I.V. Domeisen, I.R. Simpson, and J. Sjoberg, The predictability of Northern Hemisphere final stratospheric warmings and their surface impacts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2019.
Garfinkel, C.I., C. Schwartz, D.I.V. Domeisen, A.H. Butler, S.-W. Son, and I.P. White, Weakening of the teleconnection of El Niño-Southern Oscillation to the Arctic stratosphere over the past few decades: What can be learned from subseasonal forecast models?, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 2019.
Butler, A.H., A. Charlton-Perez, D.I.V. Domeisen, C. Garfinkel, E.P. Gerber, P. Hitchcock, A.-Y. Karpechko, A.C. Maycock, M. Sigmond, I. Simpson, S.-W. Son, Sub-seasonal Predictability and the Stratosphere- Chapter 11, The Gap Between Weather and Climate Forecasting, p. 223-241, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811714-9.00011-5, 2019.
Domeisen, D.I.V., C.I. Garfinkel, and A.H. Butler, The teleconnection of El Nino Southern Oscillation to the stratosphere, Reviews of Geophysics, 57, 2019. Related EOS summary.

Published in 2018

Garfinkel, C.I., C. Schwartz, D.I.V. Domeisen, S.-W. Son, A.H. Butler, and I.P. White, Extratropical atmospheric predictability from the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in subseasonal forecast models, J. Geophys. Res., 123 (15), 7855-7866, 2018.
Martineau, P., S.-W. Son, M. Taguchi, and A.H. Butler, A comparison of the momentum budget in reanalysis datasets during sudden stratospheric warming events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7169–7187, 2018.
Butler, A.H. and E.P. Gerber, Optimizing the definition of a sudden stratospheric warming, J. Climate, 31, 2337-2334, 2018.

Published in 2017

Albers, J.R., J. Perlwitz, G.N. Kiladis, Z.D. Lawrence, A.H. Butler, T. Birner, G.L. Manney, A.O. Langford, and J. Dias, Mechanisms governing interannual stratosphere to troposphere ozone transport, Journal of Geophys. Res., 123, 234-260, 2017.
L’Heureux, M., M. Tippett, A. Kumar, A.H. Butler, L. Ciasto, Q. Ding, K. Harnos, and N. Johnson, Strong relations between ENSO and the Arctic Oscillation in the North American Multi-model Ensemble, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074854, 2017.
Williams, P.D., M.J. Alexander, E.A. Barnes, A.H. Butler,H.C. Davies, C.I. Garfinkel, Y. Kushnir, T.P. Lane, J.K. Lundquist, R.N. Maue, W.R. Peltier, O. Romppainen-Martius, K. Sato, A.A. Scaife, C. Zhang, A census of atmospheric variability from seconds to decades, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 11201–11211, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075483, 2017.
Tompkins, A., M. Inez Ortis de Zarate, R.I. Sarraul, C. Vera, C. Saulo, W. J. Merryfield, M. Sigmond, W.-S. Lee, O. Alves, F. Tseitkin, J. Baehr, A. Braun, M. Deque, A.H. Butler, F. J. Doblas-Reyes, M. Gordon, A. Scaife, Y. Imada, M. Ishii, T. Ose, R. Koster, B. Kirtman, A. Kumar, W. A. Muller, A. Pirani, T. Stockdale, M. Rixen, and T. Yasuda, The Climate-system Historical Forecast Project: providing open access to seasonal forecast ensembles from centers around the globe, accepted to BAMS, 2017.
Calvo, N., M. Iza, M.M. Hurwitz, E. Manzini, C. Pena-Ortiz, A.H. Butler, C. Cagnazzo, S. Ineson, and C. Garfinkel, Northern Hemisphere stratospheric pathway of different El Nino flavors in CMIP5 models, J. Climate, 30 ,4351–4371, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0132.1, 2017.
Polvani, L.M., Sun, L., A.H. Butler, J.H. Richter, and C. Deser, Distinguishing stratospheric sudden warmings from ENSO as key drivers of wintertime climate variability over the North Atlantic and Eurasia, J. Climate, 30, 1959-1969, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0277.1, 2017.
Butler, A.H., J. Sjoberg, D. Seidel., and K.H. Rosenlof, A sudden stratospheric warming compendium, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 63-76, 2017.

Published in 2016

Butler, A.H.,J.S. Daniel, R.W. Portmann, A.R. Ravishankara, P.J. Young, D.W. Fahey, and K.H. Rosenlof, Diverse policy implications for future ozone and surface UV in a changing climate, Environmental Research Letters, 11 (6), 064017.
Dessler, A.E., H. Ye, T. Wang, M.R. Schoeberl, L.D. Oman, A.R. Douglass, A.H Butler, K.H Rosenlof, S.M. Davis, and R.W. Portmann, Transport of ice into the stratosphere and the humidification of the stratosphere over the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi: 10.1002/2016GL067991, 2016.
Butler, A.H., A. Arribas, M. Athanassiadou, J. Baehr, N. Calvo, A. Charlton-Perez, M. Deque, D.I.V. Domeisen, K. Froehlich, H. Hendon, Y. Imada, M. Ishii, M. Iza, A. Karpechko, A. Kumar, C. MacLachlan, W.J. Merryfield, W.A. Mueller, A. O’Neill, A.A. Scaife, J. Scinocca, M. Sigmond, T.N. Stockdale, and T. Yasuda, The Climate-system Historical Forecasting Project: Do stratosphere-resolving models make better seasonal climate predictions in boreal winter?, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 2016.
Scaife, A.A., A.-Yu. Karpechko, M.P. Baldwin, A. Brookshaw, A.H. Butler, R. Eade, M. Gordon, C. MachLachlan, N. Martin, N. Dunstone, and D. Smith, Seasonal winter forecasts and the stratosphere, Atmospheric Science Letters, 17:51–56, doi:10.1002/asl.5982015, 2016.

Published in 2015

Furtado, J.C., J.L. Cohen, A.H. Butler, E.E. Riddle, and A. Kumar, Eurasian snow cover variability and links to winter climate in the CMIP5 models, Climate Dynamics, 45 (9), 2591-2605, 2015.
Butler, A.H., D.J. Seidel, S.C. Hardiman, N. Butchart, T. Birner, and A. Match, Defining sudden stratospheric warmings, Bull. American Meteor. Soc., 96, 1913-1928, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00173.1
Domeisen, D.I.V., A.H. Butler,K. Frohlich, M. Bittner, W.A. Muller, and J. Baehr, Seasonal predictability over Europe arising from El Nino and stratospheric variability in the MPI-ESM seasonal prediction system, J. Climate, 28(1), 256-271, 201

Published in 2014

Butler, A.H., E.P. Gerber, D. Mitchell, and W. Seviour, New efforts in developing a standard definition for sudden stratospheric warmings, SPARC Newsletter, 43, p. 23-24, July 2014.
Hurwitz, M., N. Calvo, C.I. Garfinkel, A.H. Butler, S. Ineson, C. Cagnazzo, E. Manzini, and C. Pena-Ortiz, Extra-tropical atmospheric response to ENSO in CMIP5 models, Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2110-z, 2014.
Butler, A.H., L.M. Polvani, and C. Deser, Separating the stratospheric and tropospheric pathways of El Nino-Southern Oscillation teleconnections, Environmental Res. Lett., 9, 024014, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/2/024014, 2014.

Published in 2013

Riddle, E.E., A.H. Butler, J.C. Furtado, J.L. Cohen, and A. Kumar, CFSv2 ensemble prediction of the wintertime Arctic Oscillation, Climate Dynamics, 41, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1850-5, 2013.
Charlton-Perez, A., M.P. Baldwin, T. Birner, R.X. Black, A.H. Butler, N. Calvo, N.A. Davis, E. P. Gerber, N. Gillett, S. Hardiman, J. Kim, K. Kruger, Y-Y Lee, E. Manzini, B.A. McDaniel, L. Polvani, T. Reichler, T.A. Shaw, M. Sigmond, S.W. Son, M. Toohey, L. Wilcox, S. Yoden, B. Christiansen, F. Lott, D. Shindell, S. Yukimoto, S. Watanabe, On the lack of stratospheric dynamical variability in low-top versions of the CMIP5 models, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1002/jgrd.50126, 2013.
Young, P.J., A.H. Butler, N. Calvo, L. Haimberger, P.J. Kushner, D.R. Marsh, W.J. Randel, and K.H. Rosenlof, Agreement in late twentieth century Southern Hemisphere stratospheric temperature trends in observations and CCMVal-2, CMIP3 and CMIP5 models, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1002/jgrd.50126, 2013.
Garfinkel, C.I., M.M. Hurwitz, D.W. Waugh, A.H. Butler, Are the Teleconnections of Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific El Nino Distinct in Boreal Wintertime? Climate Dynamics, 41, 1835-1852, doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1570-2, 2013.

Published in 2012

Thompson, D.W.J., D.J. Seidel, W.J. Randel, C. Zou, A.H. Butler, C. Mears, A. Osso, C. Long, and R. Lin, The mystery of recent stratospheric temperature trends, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature11579, 2012.
Garfinkel, C.I., A.H. Butler, D.W. Waugh, M.M. Hurwitz, and L.M. Polvani, Why might stratospheric sudden warmings occur with similar frequency in El Nino and La Nina winters? J. Geophys. Res., 117, D19106, doi:10.1029/2012JD017777, 2012.
Gerber, E. P., A. Butler, N. Calvo, A. Charlton-Perez, M. Giorgetta, E. Manzini, J. Perlwitz, L. M. Polvani, F. Sassi, A. A. Scaife, T. A. Shaw, S.-W. Son and S. Watanabe, Assessing and Understanding the Impact of Stratospheric Dynamics and Variability on the Earth System, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 845-859, 2012.

Published in 2011

Butler, A.H., D.W.J. Thompson, and T. Birner, Isentropic slopes, downgradient eddy fluxes, and the extratropical atmospheric circulation response to tropical tropospheric heating. J. Atmos. Sci, 68, 2292-2305, 2011.
Butler, A.H., and L.M. Polvani, El Niño, La Niña, and stratospheric sudden warmings: A reevaluation in light of the observational record. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L13807, doi:10.1029/2011GL048084, 2011.

Published in 2010

L’Heureux, M., A.H. Butler, B. Jha, A. Kumar, and W. Wang, Unusual Extremes in the Negative Phase of the Arctic Oscillation during 2009. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10704, doi:10.1029/2010GL043338, 2010.
Butler, A.H., D.W.J. Thompson, and R. Heikes, The steady state atmospheric circulation response to climate change-like thermal forcings in a simple general circulation model. J. Climate, 23 (13), 3474-3496, 2010.

Published prior to 2010

Butler, A.H., D.W.J. Thompson, and K. Gurney, Observed relationships between the Southern Annular Mode and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21, GB4014, doi:10.1029/2006GB002796, 2007.
Hawes, A.K., Solomon, S., Portmann, R.W., Daniel, J.S., Langford, A.O., Miller, H.L., Eubank, C.S., Goldan, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Atlas, E., Hansel, A., and Wisthaler, A. Airborne observations of vegetation and implications for biogenic emission characterization. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 5 (6), 977-983, 2003.